5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage/*adverse effects Alopecia/drug therapy Depression/*chemically induced/epidemiology Finasteride/administration & dosage/*adverse effects Humans Male Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy Sexual Dysfunction Physiological/chemically induced/epidemiology Suicidal Ideation

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Aged Ejaculation Humans Hyperthermia Induced Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/etiology/*therapy Male Microwaves Penile Erection Prostatic Hyperplasia/*therapy Quality of Life Radiofrequency Therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Retreatment Transurethral Resection of Prostate

Anticoagulants Humans Male Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Postoperative Hemorrhage/chemically induced Prostatic Hyperplasia *Transurethral Resection of Prostate

Humans Hyperthermia Induced Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/etiology Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications/*therapy Radiofrequency Therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Steam Treatment Outcome

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors/*administration & dosage Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists/*administration & dosage Drug Therapy Combination Dutasteride/*administration & dosage Erectile Dysfunction/chemically induced/diagnosis Humans Male Prostatic Hyperplasia/diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods Tamsulosin/*administration & dosage Treatment Outcome Benign prostatic hyperplasia Dutasteride Meta-analysis Randomized controlled trials Tamsulosin published studies thus no ethical approval and patient consent are required. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Doxazosin Humans Indoles Male Network Meta-Analysis Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Quality of Life Sexual Dysfunction Physiological/chemically induced Tamsulosin adverse event alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist benign prostatic hyperplasia

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors/*adverse effects Drug Therapy Combination Ejaculation/drug effects Erectile Dysfunction/*chemically induced/drug therapy Finasteride Humans Libido/*drug effects Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *5α-Reductase Inhibitors *Erectile Dysfunction *Meta-Analysis *Sexual Dysfunction

Humans Female *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/chemically induced/epidemiology/genetics DNA Adducts/adverse effects *Drugs Chinese Herbal/adverse effects Taiwan/epidemiology *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Carcinogens *Kidney Neoplasms/chemically induced/epidemiology/genetics *Aristolochic Acids/adverse effects/analysis *Ureteral Neoplasms/chemically induced/epidemiology *Urinary Tract Aristolochia DNA adduct Mass spectrometry Nephropathy Renal pelvic cancer Ureteral cancer

Case-Control Studies *Drinking Water Humans Nitrates/adverse effects/analysis Odds Ratio Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemically induced/epidemiology Bladder cancer Drinking water Meta-analysis Nitrate

Adjuvants Immunologic/administration & dosage Administration Intravesical BCG Vaccine/*adverse effects Chondroitin Sulfates/*administration & dosage Cystitis/chemically induced/pathology/*prevention & control Humans Hyaluronic Acid/*administration & dosage Immunotherapy/*adverse effects Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*therapy

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2/*drug therapy Dose-Response Relationship Drug Humans Hypoglycemic Agents/*adverse effects Incidence Observational Studies as Topic Pioglitazone/*adverse effects Risk Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*chemically induced

Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology Dose-Response Relationship Drug Humans Hypoglycemic Agents/*adverse effects Linear Models Multivariate Analysis Odds Ratio Pioglitazone Risk Assessment Risk Factors Thiazolidinediones/*adverse effects Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*chemically induced/diagnosis/epidemiology

Humans *Hyperthermia Induced Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*therapy Bladder cancer chemohyperthermia radiohyperthermia regional hyperthermia therapy urothelial carcinoma

Cross-Sectional Studies Humans Iran/epidemiology Opium/*adverse effects Risk Factors Smoking/adverse effects Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/physiopathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemically induced/*epidemiology/physiopathology

Humans Odds Ratio Pesticides/*adverse effects Risk Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*chemically induced/epidemiology bladder cancer epidemiology meta-analysis pesticide exposure