Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Male Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects Placebos Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications/*etiology Quality of Life Regression Analysis Severity of Illness Index Lower urinary tract symptoms Meta-analysis Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor Placebo Prostatic hyperplasia

Adenocarcinoma/*etiology Carcinoma Squamous Cell/*etiology Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*etiology Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Female Humans Male Neoplasm Recurrence Local Recurrence Regression Analysis Retrospective Studies Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology Urinary Tract Infections/*complications Bladder carcinoma Case–control studies Chronic urinary tract infection Meta-analysis

Asian People/genetics Biomarkers Tumor/*blood/urine Cystoscopy/adverse effects Humans MicroRNAs/*blood Neoplasm Staging Nuclear Proteins/urine Odds Ratio ROC Curve Regression Analysis Sensitivity and Specificity Urinalysis/methods Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*blood/diagnosis/*genetics/urine Bladder cancer Diagnosis Meta-analysis miRNA authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.