AE adverse event FSP first sleep period ICIQ-N International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Nocturia ICS International Continence Society Luts NP nocturnal polyuria NPI Nocturnal Polyuria Index Nocturia Nocturnal polyuria Oral desmopressin PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PVR post-void residual urine volume RCT randomised controlled trial

bladder cancer checkpoint inhibitors chemotherapy immunotherapy radical cystectomy design of the study in the collection analyses or interpretation of data in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results.

bladder cancer incidence meta-analyses metformin treatment outcome commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Antineoplastic Agents Immunological/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*drug therapy Humans Immunotherapy/*adverse effects/methods Network Meta-Analysis Salvage Therapy/*methods Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy Rct Uc Ucb adverse events chemotherapy immunotherapy network meta-analyses second-line

Adult Caffeine/*adverse effects Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects Coffee/*adverse effects Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Dose-Response Relationship Drug Female Humans Male Middle Aged Risk Factors Smoking/*adverse effects Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology Bladder cancer Coffee consumption Cohort study Dose–response analyses Smoking