Aged Humans Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia/blood Prostatic Neoplasms/*blood Publication Bias Sensitivity and Specificity Zinc/*blood

*Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics Humans Prospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology Adxbladder Biomarker Bladder cancer Diagnostic accuracy Mcm5 Systematic review

Biomarkers Tumor *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/diagnosis Female Humans Male Nuclear Proteins Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology bladder tumor diagnosis meta analysis nuclear matrix protein urine cytology

Area Under Curve *Carcinoma Transitional Cell Humans In Situ Hybridization Fluorescence ROC Curve Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology Biomarker Cytology Diagnostic Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) Meta-analysis Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)

Artificial Intelligence Humans Muscles/pathology ROC Curve Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/pathology Bladder cancer Meta-analysis Muscle invasive Radiomics Staging Systematic review

Area Under Curve Female Humans Male Neoplasm Recurrence Local/diagnosis Prospective Studies Recurrence Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis Biomarker Bladder cancer Diagnostic accuracy Systematic review Xpert

Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Muscles Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/pathology *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/pathology Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System multiparametric magnetic resonance imagine muscle-invasive bladder cancer staging urothelial carcinoma

Humans Neoplasm Staging Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Ultrasonography *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging

Biomarkers Tumor/*urine Humans Ribonuclease Pancreatic/*urine Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/urine

Cystoscopy/*methods Feasibility Studies Humans Liquid Biopsy/methods Sensitivity and Specificity *Spectrum Analysis Raman Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/*pathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/urine Urine/cytology Bladder cancer Raman spectroscopy diagnosis meta-analysis optical

Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*diagnostic imaging/*pathology Humans *Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neoplasm Staging/methods Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/*pathology

Biomarkers/urine DNA Mutational Analysis DNA Neoplasm/*urine Disease Progression Humans Mutation Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*diagnosis/genetics/*urine Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics/*urine #BladderCancer #blcsm biomarkers molecular diagnostics urinary bladder neoplasms urine analysis Amsterdam UMC location VUmc. J. Bosschieter R.D.M. Steenbergen and J.A. Nieuwenhuijzen are inventors on patent(s) related to the work.

Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*diagnostic imaging/pathology/surgery Cystectomy Humans Lymph Nodes/*diagnostic imaging/pathology Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnostic imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neoplasm Staging Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography Sensitivity and Specificity Tomography X-Ray Computed Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/pathology/surgery Bladder cancer Computed tomography Positron emission tomography Transitional cell carcinoma

Biological Assay/methods Biomarkers Tumor/*urine Cystoscopy Humans Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/*urine

Circulating Tumor DNA/*analysis/blood/urine Humans Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology CfDNA biomarkers diagnosis meta-analysis

Contrast Media Diagnosis Differential Female Humans Lymphatic Metastasis/*diagnostic imaging/pathology Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods Male Prostatic Neoplasms/*pathology Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*pathology Mri bladder cancer lymph node metastasis meta-analysis prostate cancer

Biomarkers Tumor *Cystoscopy *Cytodiagnosis Early Detection of Cancer Humans Prospective Studies Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications/*diagnosis/pathology Urinary Bladder Neurogenic/*complications (MeSH): neurogenic bladder bladder cancer cystoscopy screening urinary cytology

*Acetates *Carbon Carbon Radioisotopes Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*diagnostic imaging/pathology *Choline Humans Likelihood Functions Lymph Nodes/*diagnostic imaging/pathology Lymphatic Metastasis Neoplasm Staging Odds Ratio Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ROC Curve Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/pathology Bladder cancer C-11 acetate C-11 choline Lymph node Pet/ct Staging

Asian People/genetics Biomarkers Tumor/*blood/urine Cystoscopy/adverse effects Humans MicroRNAs/*blood Neoplasm Staging Nuclear Proteins/urine Odds Ratio ROC Curve Regression Analysis Sensitivity and Specificity Urinalysis/methods Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*blood/diagnosis/*genetics/urine Bladder cancer Diagnosis Meta-analysis miRNA authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/standards Middle Aged Muscle Neoplasms/*diagnosis Neoplasm Invasiveness Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis Bladder cancer Local staging Magnetic resonance imaging Meta-analysis Muscle-invasive bladder cancer Systematic review