Humans Carboplatin/therapeutic use *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Carboplatin Cisplatin Immune checkpoint inhibitors Platinum-based chemotherapy Urothelial carcinoma

Biomarkers Tumor *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/diagnosis Female Humans Male Nuclear Proteins Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology bladder tumor diagnosis meta analysis nuclear matrix protein urine cytology

Area Under Curve *Carcinoma Transitional Cell Humans In Situ Hybridization Fluorescence ROC Curve Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology Biomarker Cytology Diagnostic Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) Meta-analysis Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)

Antibodies Monoclonal Humanized/*therapeutic use *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy Humans Prognosis Retrospective Studies *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy Metastatic urothelial carcinoma Pembrolizumab Prognostic factor Janssen and Pfizer. Takahiro Kimura is a paid consultant/advisor of Astellas Bayer Janssen and Sanofi. Shahrokh F. Shariat is a paid as follows: Honoraria: Astellas AstraZeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen. Consulting or Advisory Role: Astellas AstraZeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen. Speakers Bureau: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen Movember Foundation. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.

Humans Female Male Infant *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy/pathology *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Urinary Bladder/pathology Neoplasm Staging Cystoscopy Cystectomy/methods

*Carcinoma Renal Cell/complications/epidemiology *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/complications/epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Hematuria/epidemiology/etiology Humans Incidence *Kidney Neoplasms/complications/epidemiology Male Prospective Studies Retrospective Studies Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications/epidemiology Age distribution Cystoscopy Haematuria Kidney neoplasms Radiotherapy Sex Smoking Transitional cell carcinoma Urinary bladder neoplasms Urological neoplasms

Humans *Carcinoma Renal Cell/surgery Prognosis Nutritional Status *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/surgery *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Nephrectomy *Kidney Neoplasms/surgery Retrospective Studies Controlling Nutritional Status score Renal cell carcinoma Upper tract urothelial carcinoma

*Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy Humans Mutation Receptor ErbB-2 Trastuzumab/adverse effects *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy Erbb2 Her2 Metastatic bladder cancer Metastatic urothelial cancer Targeted treatment

Humans *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/radiotherapy/surgery/drug therapy *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Radiotherapy Adjuvant Retrospective Studies Prospective Studies Neoplasm Recurrence Local adjuvant radiotherapy external beam genitourinary locoregional control meta-analysis proximal ureter renal pelvis survival systematic review upper tract urothelial carcinoma

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use Immunotherapy *Lung Neoplasms/pathology Male Platinum/therapeutic use Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy

Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*pathology/*surgery Humans Kidney Neoplasms/*pathology Neoplasms Second Primary/*pathology Nephrotomy Risk Factors Stents/*adverse effects Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/*surgery Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*pathology/*surgery carcinoma transitional cell hydronephrosis meta-analysis stents urinary bladder neoplasms

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell Case-Control Studies Epidemiologic Studies Female Folic Acid Humans Male Prospective Studies Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control

Administration Intravesical *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Epirubicin/therapeutic use Female Humans Male Mitomycin/therapeutic use Neoplasm Recurrence Local Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology Intravesical Chemotherapy Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Turb

Apoptosis B7-H1 Antigen/genetics/metabolism *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Cystectomy Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Ligands Lymph Node Excision Neoplasm Recurrence Local/pathology Prognosis Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor Urinary Bladder *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology bladder urothelial carcinoma meta-analysis prognostic value programmed cell death ligand-1 radical cystectomy commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Administration Intravesical *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Humans Male Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology Neoplasm Recurrence Local/pathology Neoplasm Staging *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/therapy

Humans *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/diagnosis/therapy *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Systematic Reviews as Topic Kidney Oregon *Ureteral Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy Utuc renal pelvis cancer upper tract urothelial cancer ureteral cancer urothelial cancer

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Female Humans Male Neoplasm Invasiveness Nephroureterectomy Sweden *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology Swedish national guidelines Urothelial carcinoma non-muscle invasive bladder cancer upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Cisplatin/therapeutic use Cystectomy Humans Muscles/pathology Neoadjuvant Therapy Neoplasm Invasiveness *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology Bladder cancer Muscle-invasive Urothelial from MSD and BMS and Speaker and Other from AstraZecena. BPV reports Advisory Board Speaker and Other from Astellas Roche BMS and Merk-Pfizer Advisory Board and Other from Ipsen Advisory Board and Speaker from EUSA and MSD and Advisory Board from Sanofi. IPF report Advisory Board Speaker and Other from Pfizer Speaker and Other from Ipsen and Roche Advisory Board from EUSA and BMS and Speaker from Novartis and MSD. OFC reports Advisory Board and Speaker from Ipsen and Astellas Advisory Board from BMS and Pfizer-Merck and Speaker from AstraZeneca. AGA has received research funding from Astellas travel grants from Astellas Jansen Sanofi BMS Roche Pfizer and Ipsen and honoraria for speaker engagements advisory boards and continuous medical education from Janssen Astellas Sanofi Bayer Roche Ipsen BMS MSD Pfizer Eusa Pharma Eisai and AstraZeneca. JAA reports honoraria from Astellas Pfizer and BMS conulting or advisory role from Pfizer Astellas Janssen-Cilag MSD Oncology BMS Merck AstraZeneca Bayer and Eisai and Research Funding from BMS. RMB SVE CCD and MDS have nothing to disclose.

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy/pathology Cisplatin Female Humans Male *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology *Urology *Bladder cancer *European Association of Urology *Guidelines *Immunotherapy *Metastatic *Systemic therapy *Urothelial carcinoma

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology/surgery Combined Modality Therapy Consensus Humans Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology Quality of Life Urinary Bladder/pathology/surgery *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/surgery Bladder neoplasms Bladder preservation Expert consensus Multi-disciplinary treatment