Arteries Embolization Therapeutic/*adverse effects/methods/standards Humans Kallikreins/blood Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/blood/etiology/*therapy Male Practice Guidelines as Topic Prostate/blood supply Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood Prostatic Hyperplasia/blood/complications/*therapy Quality of Life Treatment Outcome *arteries *embolization *investigational *prostatic hyperplasia *therapeutic *therapies *treatment outcome

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use Cholinergic Antagonists/administration & dosage Drug Therapy Combination Humans *Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Male Prostatic Hyperplasia/*diagnosis/*drug therapy Publication Bias Quality of Life Treatment Outcome

Aged Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*drug therapy/*pathology Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*therapeutic use Liver Neoplasms/secondary Male Middle Aged Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*pathology bladder cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy meta-analysis urothelial carcinoma

Antibodies Monoclonal Humanized/*therapeutic use *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy Humans Prognosis Retrospective Studies *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy Metastatic urothelial carcinoma Pembrolizumab Prognostic factor Janssen and Pfizer. Takahiro Kimura is a paid consultant/advisor of Astellas Bayer Janssen and Sanofi. Shahrokh F. Shariat is a paid as follows: Honoraria: Astellas AstraZeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen. Consulting or Advisory Role: Astellas AstraZeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen. Speakers Bureau: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen Movember Foundation. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects/*therapeutic use B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors Carcinoma/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Clinical Decision-Making Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Patient Selection Progression-Free Survival Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Urothelium/*drug effects/immunology/pathology Immune-checkpoint inhibitor Meta-analysis Programmed death-ligand 1 Urothelial carcinoma interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors certify that all conflicts of interest including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the article are listed as follows: Shahrokh Shariat owns or co-owns the following patents: methods to determine prognosis after therapy for prostate cancer. Granted 2002-09-06. Methods to determine prognosis after therapy for bladder cancer. Granted 2003-06-19. Prognostic methods for patients with prostatic disease. Granted 2004-08-05. Soluble Fas: urinary marker for the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Granted 2010-07-20. He has a consulting or advisory role for the following: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Jansen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen and Wolff. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*drug therapy/pathology Clinical Trials Phase II as Topic Clinical Trials Phase III as Topic Humans Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasm Staging Practice Guidelines as Topic Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology Immune checkpoint inhibitors Platinum-based chemotherapy Survival outcomes Treatment guidelines Urothelial carcinoma funded this work. MK PK and SD are employees of Evidera.

Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use Biomarkers Tumor/*blood Humans Male Neoadjuvant Therapy/*methods Prognosis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/blood/drug therapy/*pathology Biomarkers Bladder cancer Nac Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Systematic review Ucb

Animals Biological Availability Clinical Trials as Topic Flavonoids/pharmacology/*therapeutic use Flavonols/pharmacology/*therapeutic use Humans Inhibitory Concentration 50 Kaempferols/pharmacology/*therapeutic use Male Models Animal Prostatic Neoplasms/*drug therapy Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy bladder cancer fisetin kaempferol myricetin prostate cancer

Administration Intravesical BCG Vaccine/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use Humans Meta-Analysis as Topic Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Systematic Reviews as Topic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy

Antineoplastic Agents Immunological/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*drug therapy Humans Immunotherapy/*adverse effects/methods Network Meta-Analysis Salvage Therapy/*methods Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy Rct Uc Ucb adverse events chemotherapy immunotherapy network meta-analyses second-line

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Chemotherapy Adjuvant/methods Cisplatin/therapeutic use Clinical Decision-Making/methods *Cystectomy Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Male Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*epidemiology/pathology/prevention & control Neoplasm Staging Patient Selection *Sex Factors Urinary Bladder/pathology/surgery Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*therapy Adjuvant chemotherapy Bladder cancer Gender Meta-analysis Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Administration Intravesical Antibiotics Antineoplastic/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use BCG Vaccine Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*drug therapy Humans Mitomycin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/immunology/mortality/pathology/*therapy Chemotherapy Adjuvant/methods/statistics & numerical data Clinical Trials Phase I as Topic Clinical Trials Phase II as Topic Cystectomy Disease-Free Survival Follow-Up Studies Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*therapeutic use Muscle Smooth/pathology/surgery Neoadjuvant Therapy/*methods/statistics & numerical data Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology Prospective Studies Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder/pathology/surgery Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology/mortality/pathology/*therapy Bladder cancer Immune checkpoint inhibitors Immunotherapy Neoadjuvant

Aged Catheterization Female Hospitalization Humans Lasers Solid-State/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Muscles/*pathology Neoplasm Recurrence Local/pathology Postoperative Complications/etiology Publication Bias Treatment Outcome Urethral Stricture/surgery Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery *Urologic Surgical Procedures Holmium laser Meta-analysis Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer Transurethral resection

Antineoplastic Agents Alkylating/pharmacology/*therapeutic use Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology/*therapeutic use Female Humans Male Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/mortality Cyclophosphamide Hematuria Systematic review Urinary bladder neoplasms

Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use Chemotherapy Adjuvant/*statistics & numerical data *Cystectomy Global Health Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data Humans Models Statistical Neoadjuvant Therapy/*statistics & numerical data Neoplasm Invasiveness Practice Guidelines as Topic Practice Patterns Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology/surgery

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Chemotherapy Adjuvant *Cystectomy/methods Humans Neoadjuvant Therapy Neoplasm Invasiveness Survival Rate Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/mortality/pathology/*surgery Muscle-invasive bladder cancer Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Overall survival Radical cystectomy

Androgen Antagonists/*therapeutic use Humans Male Observational Studies as Topic Prostatic Neoplasms/*drug therapy Risk Assessment Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/*prevention & control Androgen deprivation therapy Bladder cancer Pharmacoepidemiology Prostate cancer Systematic review

Anesthetics Local/*therapeutic use *Cystoscopy Humans Lidocaine/*therapeutic use Male Pain Management/*methods Pain Measurement Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy administration cystoscopy intravesical lidocaine pain procedural urinary bladder neoplasms

Antibodies Monoclonal/adverse effects/therapeutic use Antibodies Monoclonal Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use Antineoplastic Agents Immunological/*therapeutic use B7-H1 Antigen/*antagonists & inhibitors Clinical Trials Phase III as Topic Humans Network Meta-Analysis Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/*antagonists & inhibitors Salvage Therapy/*methods Survival Analysis Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*secondary PD-1 inhibitor PDL-1 inhibitor atezolizumab pembrolizumab urothelial bladder cancer