Area Under Curve Female Humans Male Neoplasm Recurrence Local/diagnosis Prospective Studies Recurrence Sensitivity and Specificity *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis Biomarker Bladder cancer Diagnostic accuracy Systematic review Xpert

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy/pathology Cisplatin Female Humans Male *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology *Urology *Bladder cancer *European Association of Urology *Guidelines *Immunotherapy *Metastatic *Systemic therapy *Urothelial carcinoma

*BCG Vaccine/adverse effects Female Humans Male Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy Administration intravesical Adverse effects Recurrence Urinary bladder neoplasms

Blood Loss Surgical/statistics & numerical data Blood Transfusion/statistics & numerical data Cystectomy/*methods Female Humans Male Neoplasm Invasiveness Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/etiology Robotic Surgical Procedures/*methods Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery Urinary Diversion/adverse effects/*methods Ecud Extracorporeal urinary diversion Icud Intracorporeal urinary diversion Rarc

Female Humans Male *Patient Reported Outcome Measures Quality of Life/psychology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology Early bladder cancer Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer Patient-reported outcomes Quality of life Systematic review

Chemotherapy Adjuvant Cisplatin/therapeutic use Female Humans Male Muscles Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy *Bladder cancer *Chemotherapy *Individual participant data *Meta-analysis *Systematic review

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects/*therapeutic use B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors Carcinoma/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Clinical Decision-Making Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Patient Selection Progression-Free Survival Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Urothelium/*drug effects/immunology/pathology Immune-checkpoint inhibitor Meta-analysis Programmed death-ligand 1 Urothelial carcinoma interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors certify that all conflicts of interest including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the article are listed as follows: Shahrokh Shariat owns or co-owns the following patents: methods to determine prognosis after therapy for prostate cancer. Granted 2002-09-06. Methods to determine prognosis after therapy for bladder cancer. Granted 2003-06-19. Prognostic methods for patients with prostatic disease. Granted 2004-08-05. Soluble Fas: urinary marker for the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Granted 2010-07-20. He has a consulting or advisory role for the following: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Jansen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen and Wolff. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Adult Carotenoids Female Humans Lutein Male *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention & control Zeaxanthins beta Carotene bladder cancer blood diet lycopene zeaxanthin α-carotene β-carotene β-cryptoxanthin

Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*therapy Rhabdomyosarcoma/mortality/*therapy Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/*therapy Adult Bladder Rhabdomyosarcoma

Animals Body Mass Index Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Dairy Products/*statistics & numerical data Diet/methods Educational Status Feeding Behavior Female Humans Male Milk/*statistics & numerical data Risk Factors Smoking/epidemiology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology

Adult Female *Hormones/adverse effects Humans Menopause Middle Aged Prospective Studies *Reproductive History Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology Bladder cancer Health Study Nurses’ females hormones reproductive factors

Aged *Diet Dietary Fiber/*administration & dosage Female Humans Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Risk Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*prevention & control *Whole Grains bladder cancer cohort study dietary fiber dose-response analysis grain

Aged *Brachytherapy Combined Modality Therapy Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence Local *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/radiotherapy external beam radiotherapy interstitial brachytherapy muscle-invasive bladder cancer organ preservation

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Chemotherapy Adjuvant/methods Cisplatin/therapeutic use Clinical Decision-Making/methods *Cystectomy Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Male Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*epidemiology/pathology/prevention & control Neoplasm Staging Patient Selection *Sex Factors Urinary Bladder/pathology/surgery Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*therapy Adjuvant chemotherapy Bladder cancer Gender Meta-analysis Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Aged Biomarkers/*blood C-Reactive Protein/analysis Cystectomy/*methods Female Humans Leukocyte Count Lymphocytes/pathology Male Middle Aged Neutrophils/pathology Platelet Count Preoperative Period Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Retrospective Studies Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/blood/*mortality/*surgery Hematologic biomarker Meta-analysis Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Age of Onset Cohort Studies Female Hormones/*metabolism Humans Menopause Middle Aged Parity Prospective Studies *Reproduction Risk Assessment Risk Factors United States/epidemiology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/*physiopathology Plco bladder cancer hormones meta-analysis reproductive factors interest.

Adult Caffeine/*adverse effects Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects Coffee/*adverse effects Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Dose-Response Relationship Drug Female Humans Male Middle Aged Risk Factors Smoking/*adverse effects Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology Bladder cancer Coffee consumption Cohort study Dose–response analyses Smoking

Chemotherapy Adjuvant *Combined Modality Therapy Cystectomy Female Humans Middle Aged Muscles Neoadjuvant Therapy *Neoplasm Invasiveness Organ Sparing Treatments Patient Selection Quality of Life Salvage Therapy Survival Rate *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy

Aged Catheterization Female Hospitalization Humans Lasers Solid-State/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Muscles/*pathology Neoplasm Recurrence Local/pathology Postoperative Complications/etiology Publication Bias Treatment Outcome Urethral Stricture/surgery Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery *Urologic Surgical Procedures Holmium laser Meta-analysis Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer Transurethral resection

Administration Intravesical BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use *Carcinoma in Situ/diagnosis/therapy Female Humans Male Neoplasm Invasiveness *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology/therapy *Urology *BCG unresponsive *Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) *Bladder cancer *Cystoscopy *Diagnosis *European Association of Urology (EAU) *Follow-up *Guidelines *Intravesical chemotherapy *Prognosis *Radical cystectomy *Transurethral resection (TUR) *Urothelial carcinoma