Aged Cost-Benefit Analysis Humans Male Medicare Middle Aged *Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications Quality of Life *Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Outcome United States

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Adult Aged Bias Cholinergic Antagonists Drug Therapy Combination Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia Quality of Life Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Aged Humans Lasers Solid-State Male Middle Aged Postoperative Complications/etiology Prostatic Hyperplasia Quality of Life Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Outcome Volatilization Greenlight photoselective vaporization Holmium laser technologies Laser therapy Meta-analysis Prostate Prostatic hyperplasia

Humans Hyperthermia Induced Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/etiology Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications/*therapy Radiofrequency Therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Steam Treatment Outcome

Aged Aged 80 and over Humans Male Middle Aged Outcome Assessment Health Care Plant Extracts/administration & dosage Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Serenoa Tamsulosin/administration & dosage Urological Agents/administration & dosage *Serenoa repens *benign prostatic hyperplasia *meta-analysis *randomized controlled trials *tamsulosin conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship and/or publication of this article.

Adult Embolization Therapeutic/*adverse effects/methods Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/*etiology Male Middle Aged Patient Reported Outcome Measures Penile Erection/physiology Prostate/blood supply Prostatic Hyperplasia/*therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Safety Treatment Outcome Benign prostatic hyperplasia Lower urinary tract symptoms Prostatic artery embolization Systematic review

Aged Drug Therapy Combination Erectile Dysfunction/*drug therapy Humans Male Middle Aged Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Tadalafil Tamsulosin Treatment Outcome Vasodilator Agents *benign prostatic hyperplasia *erectile dysfunction *meta-analysis *tadalafil *tamsulosin conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship and/or publication of this article.

Aged Aged 80 and over Ejaculation Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/etiology Male Middle Aged Organ Size Penile Erection Prostate/pathology Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications Quality of Life Retreatment/statistics & numerical data Robotic Surgical Procedures Surgery Computer-Assisted/methods Transurethral Resection of Prostate *Water

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Drug Therapy Combination Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Male Middle Aged Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Prostatic Hyperplasia Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Aged Causality Comorbidity Embolization Therapeutic/*statistics & numerical data Follow-Up Studies Humans Longitudinal Studies Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/*epidemiology/*prevention & control Male Middle Aged Prostate/blood supply Prostatic Hyperplasia/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology/*therapy Risk Factors Treatment Outcome

Aged Humans Male Middle Aged *Patient Selection Prostate/surgery Prostatic Hyperplasia Quality of Life *Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction *Urodynamics

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors/*adverse effects Drug Therapy Combination Ejaculation/drug effects Erectile Dysfunction/*chemically induced/drug therapy Finasteride Humans Libido/*drug effects Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *5α-Reductase Inhibitors *Erectile Dysfunction *Meta-Analysis *Sexual Dysfunction

Aged Humans Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia/blood Prostatic Neoplasms/*blood Publication Bias Sensitivity and Specificity Zinc/*blood

Aged Blood Transfusion/statistics & numerical data Catheters Indwelling/statistics & numerical data Humans Laser Therapy Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Prostatic Hyperplasia Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Outcome benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prostate transurethral vaporesection transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists/*administration & dosage Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Dose-Response Relationship Drug Humans Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia *Quality of Life Sulfonamides/*administration & dosage Tamsulosin Prostatic hyperplasia alpha blockers

Aged Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*drug therapy/*pathology Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*therapeutic use Liver Neoplasms/secondary Male Middle Aged Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*pathology bladder cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy meta-analysis urothelial carcinoma

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects/*therapeutic use B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors Carcinoma/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Clinical Decision-Making Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Patient Selection Progression-Free Survival Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Urothelium/*drug effects/immunology/pathology Immune-checkpoint inhibitor Meta-analysis Programmed death-ligand 1 Urothelial carcinoma interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors certify that all conflicts of interest including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the article are listed as follows: Shahrokh Shariat owns or co-owns the following patents: methods to determine prognosis after therapy for prostate cancer. Granted 2002-09-06. Methods to determine prognosis after therapy for bladder cancer. Granted 2003-06-19. Prognostic methods for patients with prostatic disease. Granted 2004-08-05. Soluble Fas: urinary marker for the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Granted 2010-07-20. He has a consulting or advisory role for the following: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Jansen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen and Wolff. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*therapy Rhabdomyosarcoma/mortality/*therapy Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/*therapy Adult Bladder Rhabdomyosarcoma

Adult Female *Hormones/adverse effects Humans Menopause Middle Aged Prospective Studies *Reproductive History Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology Bladder cancer Health Study Nurses’ females hormones reproductive factors

Aged Cystectomy/adverse effects/*methods/statistics & numerical data Humans Male Middle Aged Postoperative Complications Quality of Life Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Robotic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects/*methods/statistics & numerical data Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*surgery