Aging Androgens/metabolism Anti-Inflammatory Agents Humans Inflammation Male *Prostatic Hyperplasia benign prostatic hyperplasia disease progression pathogenesis commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Aged China Databases Factual *Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology Humans *Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/complications/epidemiology Male *Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications *Luts *benign prostatic hyperplasia *diabetes mellitus *lower urinary tract symptoms *meta-analysis commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Humans Male Network Meta-Analysis *Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery Quality of Life Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Outcome *benign prostatic hyperplasia *network meta-analysis *prostate volume *surgical treatment conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship and/or publication of this article.

alfuzosin alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists benign prostatic hyperplasia low urinary tract symptoms pharmacology seminaries for Recordati Astellas Glaxo Smith Kline. Cosimo de Nunzio: Consultancy for Pierrefabre Janssen Sanofi Glaxo Smith Kline. Other authors have no additional conflict of interest to declare.

Adrenergic beta-3 receptor agonists Lower urinary tract symptoms Prostatic hyperplasia Neurourology Journal is the second author of this article. However she played no role whatsoever in the editorial evaluation of this article or the decision to publish it. Except for that no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Aged Aged 80 and over Humans Male Middle Aged Outcome Assessment Health Care Plant Extracts/administration & dosage Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Serenoa Tamsulosin/administration & dosage Urological Agents/administration & dosage *Serenoa repens *benign prostatic hyperplasia *meta-analysis *randomized controlled trials *tamsulosin conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship and/or publication of this article.

Aged Drug Therapy Combination Erectile Dysfunction/*drug therapy Humans Male Middle Aged Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Prostatic Hyperplasia/*drug therapy Tadalafil Tamsulosin Treatment Outcome Vasodilator Agents *benign prostatic hyperplasia *erectile dysfunction *meta-analysis *tadalafil *tamsulosin conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship and/or publication of this article.

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors/*administration & dosage Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists/*administration & dosage Drug Therapy Combination Dutasteride/*administration & dosage Erectile Dysfunction/chemically induced/diagnosis Humans Male Prostatic Hyperplasia/diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods Tamsulosin/*administration & dosage Treatment Outcome Benign prostatic hyperplasia Dutasteride Meta-analysis Randomized controlled trials Tamsulosin published studies thus no ethical approval and patient consent are required. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Embolization Therapeutic Humans Male Prostate/*blood supply/pathology Prostatic Hyperplasia/diagnosis/*therapy Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Outcome Benign prostatic hyperplasia Meta-analysis Prostatic artery embolization Transurethral resection of the prostate PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Humans Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use Neoplasm Residual Neoplasm Recurrence Local/prevention & control *Photochemotherapy/methods Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/surgery/diagnosis Aminolevulinic Acid/therapeutic use Cystoscopy/methods Cystoscopy Fluorescent cystoscopy Hexaminolevulinate Meta-analysis Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer Urinary bladder neoplasms conflicts of interest in the manuscript and during the submission process. This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Humans *Obturator Nerve/physiology/surgery Network Meta-Analysis Transurethral Resection of Bladder *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery/pathology Reflex bladder cancer lumbar anesthesia obturator nerve block transurethral resection of bladder tumor conflicts of interest to declare.

androgen suppression therapy bladder cancer incidence meta-analysis recurrence commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Data Systems Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods *Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reproducibility of Results Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/pathology *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/surgery Bladder cancer Bladder cancer staging Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging Muscle-invasive bladder cancer conflict of interest to disclose.

Cisplatin/adverse effects Humans *Immunotherapy/adverse effects/methods *Muscles/pathology *Neoadjuvant Therapy/adverse effects Neoplasm Staging *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology/therapy chemoimmunotherapy immunotherapy meta-analysis muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) neoadjuvant commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Antibodies Monoclonal Humanized/*therapeutic use *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/drug therapy Humans Prognosis Retrospective Studies *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy Metastatic urothelial carcinoma Pembrolizumab Prognostic factor Janssen and Pfizer. Takahiro Kimura is a paid consultant/advisor of Astellas Bayer Janssen and Sanofi. Shahrokh F. Shariat is a paid as follows: Honoraria: Astellas AstraZeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen. Consulting or Advisory Role: Astellas AstraZeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen. Speakers Bureau: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Janssen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Richard Wolf Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen Movember Foundation. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.

Humans Female Male *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/etiology/microbiology RNA Ribosomal 16S/genetics Urinary Bladder/microbiology *Microbiota/genetics Bacteria/genetics Bladder cancer Gender Urinary microbiota Uropathogens of interest.

Biomarkers Humans Inflammation Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms bladder cancer meta-analysis survival systemic immune-inflammation index commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Apoptosis B7-H1 Antigen/genetics/metabolism *Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Cystectomy Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Ligands Lymph Node Excision Neoplasm Recurrence Local/pathology Prognosis Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor Urinary Bladder *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology bladder urothelial carcinoma meta-analysis prognostic value programmed cell death ligand-1 radical cystectomy commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

bladder cancer cohort cruciferous vegetables meta-analysis risk commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Radical cystectomy bladder preservation distant metastasis rate (DMR) muscular invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) survival rate form (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-21-564). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.