Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Adult Aged Bias Cholinergic Antagonists Drug Therapy Combination Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Male Middle Aged Prostatic Hyperplasia Quality of Life Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Adult Embolization Therapeutic/*adverse effects/methods Humans Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/*etiology Male Middle Aged Patient Reported Outcome Measures Penile Erection/physiology Prostate/blood supply Prostatic Hyperplasia/*therapy Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Safety Treatment Outcome Benign prostatic hyperplasia Lower urinary tract symptoms Prostatic artery embolization Systematic review

Adult Humans Cystectomy/adverse effects Quality of Life *Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods Treatment Outcome Postoperative Complications/etiology *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery/complications

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects/*therapeutic use B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors Carcinoma/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Clinical Decision-Making Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Patient Selection Progression-Free Survival Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Urothelium/*drug effects/immunology/pathology Immune-checkpoint inhibitor Meta-analysis Programmed death-ligand 1 Urothelial carcinoma interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors certify that all conflicts of interest including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the article are listed as follows: Shahrokh Shariat owns or co-owns the following patents: methods to determine prognosis after therapy for prostate cancer. Granted 2002-09-06. Methods to determine prognosis after therapy for bladder cancer. Granted 2003-06-19. Prognostic methods for patients with prostatic disease. Granted 2004-08-05. Soluble Fas: urinary marker for the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Granted 2010-07-20. He has a consulting or advisory role for the following: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Jansen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen and Wolff. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Adult Carotenoids Female Humans Lutein Male *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention & control Zeaxanthins beta Carotene bladder cancer blood diet lycopene zeaxanthin α-carotene β-carotene β-cryptoxanthin

Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*therapy Rhabdomyosarcoma/mortality/*therapy Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/*therapy Adult Bladder Rhabdomyosarcoma

Adult Female *Hormones/adverse effects Humans Menopause Middle Aged Prospective Studies *Reproductive History Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology Bladder cancer Health Study Nurses’ females hormones reproductive factors

Adult Caffeine/*adverse effects Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects Coffee/*adverse effects Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Dose-Response Relationship Drug Female Humans Male Middle Aged Risk Factors Smoking/*adverse effects Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology Bladder cancer Coffee consumption Cohort study Dose–response analyses Smoking

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over B7-H1 Antigen/genetics/*immunology Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*administration & dosage *Immunotherapy Male Middle Aged Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics/*immunology Progression-Free Survival Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics/immunology/mortality/*therapy efficacy immunotherapy meta-analysis safety urothelial cancer this study.

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans Male Middle Aged Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*radiotherapy Bladder neoplasm Bladder preservation Cis Chemoradiotherapy Radiotherapy T1 Bladder cancer

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Female *Health Services Needs and Demand Humans Male Middle Aged Sexual Dysfunction Physiological/*etiology *Sexual Health Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*complications/*therapy Bladder cancer Health-related quality of life Mental wellbeing Radical cystectomy Sexual health

Adult Aged Air Pollution/*adverse effects Carcinogens Environmental/*adverse effects Cohort Studies Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects Europe/epidemiology Female Humans Incidence Male Meta-Analysis as Topic Middle Aged Nitrogen Oxides/adverse effects Particulate Matter/adverse effects Prospective Studies Risk Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology Air pollution Bladder cancer Environment Prevention

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Cystectomy/methods/mortality Female Humans Hydronephrosis/*physiopathology/surgery Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Staging Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Retrospective Studies Urinary Bladder/pathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*complications/*pathology

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Checklist Consensus Databases Factual Female Humans Male Middle Aged *Patient Reported Outcome Measures Psychometrics/methods/*standards Surveys and Questionnaires/*standards *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Cosmin bladder cancer patient reported outcome measures psychometric properties systematic review

Adolescent Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Animals Cultured Milk Products *Dairy Products *Diet Dietary Fats/administration & dosage *Feeding Behavior Female Humans Male Middle Aged Milk *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/etiology/prevention & control Young Adult dairy products fermented dairy products whole milk bladder cancer meta-analysis systematic review

bladder tumor childhood exposure environmental smoking nonsmoking adult

Adult Case-Control Studies Child Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects/analysis Humans Odds Ratio Risk Factors Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*adverse effects/analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology Workplace bladder cancer exposure to environmental tobacco smoke lifetime exposure meta-analysis

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans *Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Middle Aged *Neoplasm Staging/methods/standards Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging bladder cancer diagnostic accuracy magnetic resonance imaging staging systematic review

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/standards Middle Aged Muscle Neoplasms/*diagnosis Neoplasm Invasiveness Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis Bladder cancer Local staging Magnetic resonance imaging Meta-analysis Muscle-invasive bladder cancer Systematic review

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans Middle Aged *Parity Risk Assessment Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology Bladder cancer Meta-analysis Parity Women’s health