*Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology/radiotherapy Humans *Kidney Neoplasms Kidney Pelvis/pathology Prognosis *Ureteral Neoplasms/pathology *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Adjuvant radiotherapy Prognostic Radiotherapy Survival Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

*Cystoscopy Follow-Up Studies Humans Neoplasm Invasiveness Neoplasm Recurrence Local Prospective Studies *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy Nmibc Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer cystoscopy follow-up

*Carcinoma Transitional Cell Cystectomy/adverse effects Humans Morbidity Smoking/adverse effects *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/surgery Complication Infection Outcome Perioperative mortality Radical cystectomy Smoking exposure Urothelial bladder cancer

Female Humans Male *Patient Reported Outcome Measures Quality of Life/psychology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology Early bladder cancer Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer Patient-reported outcomes Quality of life Systematic review

bladder cancer incidence meta-analyses metformin treatment outcome commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Chemotherapy Adjuvant Cisplatin/therapeutic use Female Humans Male Muscles Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy *Bladder cancer *Chemotherapy *Individual participant data *Meta-analysis *Systematic review

*Carcinoma Renal Cell/surgery *Carcinoma Transitional Cell Humans *Kidney Neoplasms/surgery Nutritional Status Prognosis Retrospective Studies *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms *Urinary Tract

Humans *Laser Therapy/adverse effects Outpatients *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/surgery Urologic Surgical Procedures *Ablation *Bladder cancer *Fulguration *Laser *Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer *Outpatient

Cystectomy/*methods Electrosurgery/*methods Humans Neoplasm Invasiveness Treatment Outcome Urethra Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery Bipolar Meta-analysis Monopolar Transurethral bladder tumor resection

Humans Palliative Care Prospective Studies Quality of Life Retrospective Studies *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/radiotherapy Radiotherapy bladder cancer bleeding palliation

Case-Control Studies Diet/adverse effects *Diet Mediterranean Humans Incidence Rare Diseases Risk Factors *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology Bladder Cancer Dietary Inflammatory Index Mediterranean Diet Meta-analysis Western Diet

Cystectomy/methods *Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Humans Length of Stay Meta-Analysis as Topic Postoperative Complications/surgery *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery

en bloc resection high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer reresection systematic review and meta-analysis commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Administration Intravesical BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use Humans Neoplasm Recurrence Local/prevention & control Network Meta-Analysis *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology Bladder cancer Intermediate risk Intravesical therapy Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Cystectomy Humans Lasers Neoplasm Recurrence Local/surgery *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/radiotherapy/surgery Urologic Surgical Procedures Bladder cancer Laser surgery Transurethral resection

Cystoscopy Fluorescence Recurrence rate Recurrence-free survival Urinary bladder neoplasms

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects/*therapeutic use B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors Carcinoma/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Clinical Decision-Making Female Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Patient Selection Progression-Free Survival Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology Urothelium/*drug effects/immunology/pathology Immune-checkpoint inhibitor Meta-analysis Programmed death-ligand 1 Urothelial carcinoma interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The authors certify that all conflicts of interest including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the article are listed as follows: Shahrokh Shariat owns or co-owns the following patents: methods to determine prognosis after therapy for prostate cancer. Granted 2002-09-06. Methods to determine prognosis after therapy for bladder cancer. Granted 2003-06-19. Prognostic methods for patients with prostatic disease. Granted 2004-08-05. Soluble Fas: urinary marker for the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Granted 2010-07-20. He has a consulting or advisory role for the following: Astellas Astra Zeneca Bayer BMS Cepheid Ferring Ipsen Jansen Lilly MSD Olympus Pfizer Pierre Fabre Roche Sanochemia Sanofi Takeda Urogen and Wolff. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Adult Carotenoids Female Humans Lutein Male *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention & control Zeaxanthins beta Carotene bladder cancer blood diet lycopene zeaxanthin α-carotene β-carotene β-cryptoxanthin

Aged Aged 80 and over Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*therapy Rhabdomyosarcoma/mortality/*therapy Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/*therapy Adult Bladder Rhabdomyosarcoma

Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology Disease-Free Survival Humans *Neoplasm Staging Prognosis Urinary Bladder/*pathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*pathology Bladder urothelial carcinoma Meta-analysis Squamous differentiation