Africa South of the Sahara Carcinoma Squamous Cell/ethnology/*pathology/therapy Carcinoma Transitional Cell/ethnology/*pathology/therapy Humans Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/ethnology/*pathology/therapy Africa bladder carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma transitional cell carcinoma

Aged Diabetes Mellitus Type 2/complications/*drug therapy Disease Progression Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Hypoglycemic Agents/*therapeutic use Male Metformin/*therapeutic use Middle Aged Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Retrospective Studies Risk Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/etiology/*mortality

Chemoradiotherapy/*methods Combined Modality Therapy Cystectomy/*adverse effects/methods Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Metastasis Robotic Surgical Procedures/*adverse effects/methods Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/*therapy Bladder cancer Cystectomy Multi-modality treatment Port-site metastasis Rare complications

Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism Female Humans Immunohistochemistry/*methods Male Prognosis Receptors Androgen/metabolism Retrospective Studies Software Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*metabolism/pathology

Adenocarcinoma/*etiology Carcinoma Squamous Cell/*etiology Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*etiology Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Female Humans Male Neoplasm Recurrence Local Recurrence Regression Analysis Retrospective Studies Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology Urinary Tract Infections/*complications Bladder carcinoma Case–control studies Chronic urinary tract infection Meta-analysis

Cystectomy/*adverse effects/methods Humans Male Sexual Health/*standards Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*complications/pathology Cystectomy Erectile dysfunction Urinary bladder neoplasms Urinary incontinence

*Acetates *Carbon Carbon Radioisotopes Carcinoma Transitional Cell/*diagnostic imaging/pathology *Choline Humans Likelihood Functions Lymph Nodes/*diagnostic imaging/pathology Lymphatic Metastasis Neoplasm Staging Odds Ratio Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ROC Curve Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/pathology Bladder cancer C-11 acetate C-11 choline Lymph node Pet/ct Staging

Aged Aged 80 and over Chemoradiotherapy/*mortality/*statistics & numerical data Combined Modality Therapy Cystectomy/*mortality/*statistics & numerical data Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Invasiveness Postoperative Complications/mortality/prevention & control Prevalence Radiation Injuries/mortality/prevention & control Risk Factors Survival Rate Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*mortality/*therapy

Cystectomy/*methods Humans Length of Stay Operative Time Postoperative Complications Robotic Surgical Procedures/*methods Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*surgery bladder cancer cystectomy robotics

Adjuvants Immunologic/*administration & dosage Administration Intravesical Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use BCG Vaccine/*administration & dosage Humans Instillation Drug Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*therapy Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Maintenance therapy Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer Progression Recurrence

Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology Cohort Studies Humans Hypoglycemic Agents/*adverse effects/pharmacology Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*etiology/pathology Pioglitazone Prevalence Risk Thiazolidinediones/*adverse effects/pharmacology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology Bladder cancer Cardiovascular disease Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Asian People/genetics Biomarkers Tumor/*blood/urine Cystoscopy/adverse effects Humans MicroRNAs/*blood Neoplasm Staging Nuclear Proteins/urine Odds Ratio ROC Curve Regression Analysis Sensitivity and Specificity Urinalysis/methods Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*blood/diagnosis/*genetics/urine Bladder cancer Diagnosis Meta-analysis miRNA authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cystectomy/*methods Female Humans Organ Sparing Treatments/*methods Postoperative Complications Sexual Dysfunction Physiological/*prevention & control Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder/*pathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/physiopathology/*surgery Urinary Diversion/*methods Urinary Incontinence/*prevention & control #BladderCancer #blcsm radical cystectomy sexual function urinary bladder neoplasms urinary incontinence

Cystectomy/*adverse effects Diurnal Enuresis/etiology Female Humans Nocturnal Enuresis/etiology *Quality of Life Sexual Dysfunction Physiological/*etiology/physiopathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*surgery Urinary Diversion/adverse effects Urinary Incontinence/*etiology Cystectomy Functional outcomes Gender disparities Outcomes assessment Urinary bladder neoplasms

*Adaptation Psychological Humans Quality of Life Survivors/*psychology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*psychology Bladder cancer Cystectomy Diagnosis Patients’ experience Treatment FUNDING: This work was funded by Yorkshire Cancer Research (grant number S388).

*Biomarkers Tumor Disease Progression Gene Expression Humans Matrix Metalloproteinases/*genetics/metabolism Prognosis Publication Bias Survival Analysis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/*mortality/pathology bladder cancer matrix metalloproteinases meta-analysis

Adjuvants Immunologic/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Administration Intravesical Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects BCG Vaccine Carcinoma in Situ/mortality/pathology/*therapy Combined Modality Therapy/adverse effects/methods Disease Progression Drug Administration Schedule Humans Interferon-alpha/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Neoplasm Recurrence Local Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*therapy Withholding Treatment/statistics & numerical data

Administration Intravesical Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Asymptomatic Diseases BCG Vaccine/*administration & dosage/adverse effects Bacteriuria/*complications/diagnosis Humans Immunotherapy/adverse effects/*methods Neoplasm Invasiveness Risk Assessment Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Bacteriuria Bladder cancer Intravesical instillation

Adult Aged Aged 80 and over Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/standards Middle Aged Muscle Neoplasms/*diagnosis Neoplasm Invasiveness Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis Bladder cancer Local staging Magnetic resonance imaging Meta-analysis Muscle-invasive bladder cancer Systematic review

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase/*genetics Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Isoenzymes/genetics Polymorphism Genetic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*genetics