Carcinogens Environmental/adverse effects Gene-Environment Interaction Humans Incidence Occupational Exposure/adverse effects Prevalence Risk Assessment Risk Factors Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology Time Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/*epidemiology/genetics/mortality Bladder Cancer Epidemiology Urothelial

Radical cystectomy metastatic bladder cancer non-organ confined bladder cancer

*Body Mass Index Cohort Studies Humans Odds Ratio Prospective Studies Risk Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*epidemiology/*etiology bladder cancer body mass index dose-response meta-analysis risk

Administration Intravesical Aged Aged 80 and over BCG Vaccine/*therapeutic use Biopsy Needle Disease-Free Survival Female Humans Immunohistochemistry Immunotherapy/*methods In Situ Hybridization Fluorescence Male Middle Aged Neoplasm Recurrence Local/mortality/*pathology Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Risk Assessment Survival Analysis Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*therapy Bcg Bladder cancer Immunotherapy Personalized therapy Response prediction

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase/*genetics Genotype Humans Isoenzymes/*genetics Phenotype Polymorphism Genetic Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*enzymology/*genetics N-Acetyltransferase Nat1 genetic polymorphism meta-analysis smoking systematic review urinary bladder cancer

bladder cancer circulating tumor cells (CTCs) meta-analysis prognosis urothelial cancer

Chemoradiotherapy Adjuvant Combined Modality Therapy Cystectomy/*methods Disease-Free Survival Humans Muscles/pathology Neoadjuvant Therapy Neoplasm Invasiveness Treatment Outcome Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*therapy Bladder cancer Radical cystectomy Trimodal therapy

Alleles Case-Control Studies *Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genotype Glutathione Transferase/*genetics Humans Odds Ratio *Polymorphism Genetic Publication Bias Risk Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics Gstm1 Gstt1 bladder cancer polymorphism

Biomarkers Tumor/*urine Cystoscopy/methods *DNA Methylation Humans Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/urine biomarkers methylation molecular diagnostics neoplasms urinary bladder urine analysis

Biomarkers Tumor/*urine Fibronectins/*urine Humans Prognosis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/urine Biomarker Bladder cancer Diagnosis Meta-analysis Urine fibronectin standards of institutional and international research committee this article is based on previous published studies thus it does not contain any studies with human participants or animals. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Epirubicin/*therapeutic use Female Humans Immunotherapy/*methods Male Mitomycin/*therapeutic use *Mycobacterium bovis Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology/pathology/*therapy Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Consistency Epirubicin Gemcitabine Heterogeneity Interferon-Alpha Intravesical instillation therapies Mitomycin C Pairwise/network meta-analysis Tumor progression Tumor recurrence

biomarkers ‹› urine bladder cancer ‹› miRNA ‹› microRNA ‹›

Aged *Coffee Cohort Studies Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Incidence Japan/epidemiology Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Risk Factors Surveys and Questionnaires Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control

Biomarkers Tumor *Cystoscopy *Cytodiagnosis Early Detection of Cancer Humans Prospective Studies Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications/*diagnosis/pathology Urinary Bladder Neurogenic/*complications (MeSH): neurogenic bladder bladder cancer cystoscopy screening urinary cytology

*Beverages Coffee Drinking Drinking Behavior Humans Observational Studies as Topic Risk Factors Tea Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology

Humans Neoplasm Grading Neoplasm Invasiveness Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*pathology Neoplasm Staging Neoplasm Residual *Reoperation Risk Factors Survival Rate Urinary Bladder/pathology Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*pathology/*surgery Bladder Cancer Detrusor Muscle Progression Re-resection Recurrence Upstaging

Age Factors Biomarkers Tumor DNA Methylation/genetics Humans Neoplasm Staging Promoter Regions Genetic Proportional Hazards Models Sex Factors Survival Analysis Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*genetics/*pathology

Asian People/*genetics *Genetic Predisposition to Disease Glutathione Transferase/*genetics Humans Polymorphism Single Nucleotide Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*genetics Bladder cancer glutathione S-transferase M1 glutathione S-transferase T1 meta-analysis

Humans Neoplasm Recurrence Local/*diagnosis Obesity/complications/*diagnosis Risk Factors Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis Bladder cancer Obesity Recurrence Survival

Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use Carcinoma Transitional Cell/pathology/*therapy Chemotherapy Adjuvant Cystectomy Cystoscopy Humans Lymph Node Excision Muscle Smooth/*pathology *Neoadjuvant Therapy Neoplasm Invasiveness *Organ Sparing Treatments Progression-Free Survival Proportional Hazards Models *Radiotherapy Adjuvant Survival Rate Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology/*therapy Bladder preserving Cancer Muscle invasive Radical cystectomy Trimodal